Study Architecture 
ProPEL AALA Column, April 2026
Association of Architecture Librarians and Archivists (AALA)
AALA Column, April 2026
Artificial Intelligence and Its Impact on Architectural Education
Co-Editors Barbara Opar and Alisha Rall
Column by Michelle Amirkhanian, MSLIS
Despite uncertainty surrounding what role artificial intelligence will play in higher education, many have noted a positive benefit to architectural education when used responsibly. Concerns about privacy, intellectual property and academic integrity remain. As AI becomes more integrated into education and practice, maintaining boundaries and upholding expectations requires clear communication and transparency.
In architectural education, artificial intelligence’s influence may lead to architecture student’s work benefiting from faster ideation through AI-driven iterative design. Preparing students to incorporate AI into their workflow may improve professional readiness. However, a 2025 AIA report Artificial Intelligence Adoption in Architecture Firms: Opportunities & Risks found that over 90% of architectural professionals expressed concerns about: inaccuracies of AI outputs, unintended consequences, security, authenticity and transparency.1
As we encounter “machines capable of mimicking human cognitive functions, such as problem-solving, style recognition, and learning,”2 faculty will need to evaluate the role AI technology will play in architectural education. To help generate ideas to support these initiatives, we have compiled a list of recent scholarship on ways that AI can enhance architectural education programs.
Recent Scholarship on AI in Architectural Education
Books
Agkathidis, A. (2026). Architecture in the AI Era for Research, Practice, and Pedagogy (1st ed. 2026). Springer Nature Singapore. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-95-0760-3
Atak, T., Callejas, L., Scelsa, J., & Tandberg, J. J. (Eds.). (2024). Pedagogical Experiments in Architecture for a Changing Climate. Taylor & Francis.
Smith, C. (Ed.). (2021). Progressive Studio Pedagogy: Examples from Architecture and Allied Design Fields. Routledge.
Review and Research Synthesis Articles
Li, C., Zhang, T., Du, X., Zhang, Y., & Xie, H. (2025). Generative AI models for different steps in architectural design: A literature review. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 14(3), 759–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2024.10.001
Alamasi, R., & Asfour, O. S. (2026). Applications of Generative AI in Architectural Design Education: A Systematic Review and Future Insights. Digital, 6(1), 6
Stanimirovic, M., Momcilovic Petronijevic, A., Stoiljkovic, B., Kondic, S., & Nikolic, B. (2026). AI Sparring in Conceptual Architectural Design: A Systematic Review of Generative AI as a Pedagogical Partner (2015–2025). Buildings (Basel), 16(3), 488. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16030488
Articles on Pedagogy & Curriculum Transformations
Park, S. Y. (2026). Architectural Design in the Age of Generative AI: Toward a Balance Between Efficiency and Responsibility. Architectural Research, 28(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44515-026-00006-0
Vigliocco, E., Barosio, M., & Gomes, S. (2024). Architectural Pedagogy in the Age of AI: The Transformation of a Domain. In School of Architecture(s) – New Frontiers of Architectural Education (Vol. 47). Springer.
Komatina, D., Miletić, M., & Ružičić, M. (2024). Embracing Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Architectural Education: A Step towards Sustainable Practice? Buildings. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082578.
Jin, S., Tu, H., Li, J., Fang, Y., Qu, Z., Xu, F., Liu, K., & Lin, Y. (2024). Enhancing Architectural Education through Artificial Intelligence: A Case Study of an AI-Assisted Architectural Programming and Design Course. Buildings (Basel), 14(6), 1613. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061613
Articles on AI in Design Studio
Rhee, J., & Oh, E. (2025). Pedagogy Explorations into Alternative Use of Generative AI in Design Studios. Technology|Architecture + Design, 9, 84 – 97. https://doi.org/10.1080/24751448.2025.2475714.
Wang, J., Shi, Y., Chen, X., Lan, Y., & Liu, S. (2025). Teaching with Artificial Intelligence in Architecture: Embedding Technical Skills and Ethical Reflection in a Core Design Studio. Buildings (Basel), 15(17), 3069. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15173069
Articles on Image Generation in Design
Iranmanesh, A., & Lotfabadi, P. (2024). Critical questions on the emergence of text-to-image artificial intelligence in architectural design pedagogy. AI & SOCIETY, 40, 3557 – 3571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-02111-x.
Montenegro, N. (2024). Integrative analysis of Text-to-Image AI systems in architectural design education: pedagogical innovations and creative design implications. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 48(2), 109–124. https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2024.20870
Jung, S. (2026). Visually Sustainable but Spatially Broken? A Two-Level Assessment of How Generative AI Encodes Sustainable Urban Design Principles. Sustainability, 18(6), 2943. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18062943
Articles on Student Perspectives
Aycı, H., Kinaci, E. B., Avinç, G. M., & Taş, A. (2026). Artificial intelligence in architecture education: reflections through structural equation modeling. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2026.2622240
Huh, M. B., Miri, M., & Tracy, T. (2025). Students’ Perceptions of Generative AI Image Tools in Design Education: Insights from Architectural Education. Education Sciences, 15(9), 1160. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15091160
Labib, W., Abdelsattar, A., Abowardah, E., Abdelalim, M., & Mahmoud, H. (2025). The Role of Generative AI in Architecture Education from Students’ Perspectives—A Cross-Sectional Descriptive and Correlational Study. Sustainability, 17(22), 10029. https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210029
Articles on Human-in-the-Loop and Creativity
Du, S., Lu, X., Chen, Z., Cai, Z., & Chen, L. (2024). Research into a stable diffusion-based human-machine-human teaching model for architectural design courses. Journal of Green Building, 19(3), 301-318.
Hikmet, Ş., & Ozay, N. (2026). Human–AI Collaboration in Architectural Design Education: Towards a Conceptual Framework. Buildings (Basel), 16(6), 1097. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16061097
Medel-Vera, C., Britton, S., & Gates, W. F. (2025). An exploration of the role of generative AI in fostering creativity in architectural learning environments. Computers and Education. Artificial Intelligence, 9, Article 100501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100501
Lee, S., & Kang, S. (2025). The influence of generative AI with prompt engineering on creative design in architectural education. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2025.2552446
Uhrík, M., Cervantes, J. C. L., Morales, C. E. S., Hajtmanek, R., Demčák, J., & Kupko, A. (2026). Prompt Choreographies: Dialogues Between Humans and Generative AI in Architecture. Architecture (Basel), 6(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture6010046
[1] AIA. (2025, March 11). New research explores perceptions and opportunities of artificial intelligence in architecture. https://www.aia.org/about-aia/press/new-research-explores-perceptions-and-opportunities-artificial-intelligence?utm_source=chatgpt.com
[2] Jin, D., Zairul, M., & Salih, S. A. (2025). Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its application in architecture design: A thematic review. Alam Cipta: International Journal on Sustainable Tropical Design Research & Practice, 18(1) p.157.
